Monday, December 27, 2010

Which Way North? (Part II) - The Pocket Transit

In Which Way North? (Part I) we discussed the history of the magnetic compass and talked a bit about magnetic declination.  Now let's start looking at some specific compass designs and discuss why they were important.

To start we'll look at a compass design that is uniquely American and was born of the late 19th Century explosion of mining and mineral exploration in the US.  This compass was originally conceived to fit a very specific need, but it was so well designed and executed that it found use in a wide variety of applications and industries.  It continues to be produced today, over 100 years since its introduction and little changed from its original design.

The Brunton Pocket Transit was patented in 1894 by David Brunton, a Colorado mining engineer.  Brunton was frustrated by the number of survey instruments a mining engineer and geologist had to carry around with him (and I say 'him' because mining engineering and field geology was an exclusively male profession well into the 20th Century).  In the late 1800s it was not unusual for engineers and geologists doing basic exploratory mineral mapping to lug around full sized survey transits, surveying compasses, tripods, clinometers, and plane tables. These instruments offered a high level of accuracy that simply wasn't needed for exploratory surveys.  As an engineer himself Brunton realized that what was needed a portable device that allowed field survey personnel to do fast and accurate exploratory quality surveys without being burdened down by equipment that was heavy, expensive and difficult to set up and use.  These men were in the business of discovering, verifying and mapping mineral deposits that covered vast areas.  Huge sums of money were at stake as mining and mineral companies scrambled to secure valuable leases on the stuff that was fueling America's exploding industrial economy - timber, gold, silver, coal, iron ore, chromium, nickel, bauxite, petroleum and dozens of other minerals that were key to America's growth.  Field engineers and geologists needed to move fast, do rough mapping and get that information back to the office for the development of lease maps and boundary descriptions.  They didn't need to be burdened with heavy, sensitive and fragile survey gear if that level of accuracy wasn't required.  David Brunton recognized the problem and set to work developing a solution.

What Brunton came up with as a pocket-sized device that incorporated an accurate magnetic compass with a sighting vane, a clinometer, a level and a large mirror with a sight line.  Housed in a machined aluminum case (still an expensive material in the late 1800s), it was rugged, reliable and useful.

Brunton named his instrument the 'Pocket Transit', a lofty title for a fairly rudimentary mapping device.  But the name served its intended purpose; in the mind of the engineer and geologist it set the device apart from the common handheld compass.  Here was a professional instrument that offered a level of accuracy and functionality not found elsewhere.

Brunton's 1894 model Pocket Transit

Brunton had more than marketing on his side.  The Pocket Transit actually delivered where it mattered - in the field and in the hands of engineers and geologists across North America.  It delivered all the functionality and accuracy needed to get the job done.  It ended up being the perfect device for the job at hand.

Demand for Brunton's device increased steadily and improvements were introduced.  An additional bubble level and a cover mounted peep sight were added in 1912.  In the same year Brunton introduced modifications to the case that allowed mounting the instrument on a non-magnetic tripod or jacobs staff.  (It's interesting that in his 1894 patent application Brunton derided other compass designs that needed to be tripod mounted, but in the 1912 patent application he discusses tripod mounting like it's the greatest idea since sliced bread.)  Somewhere between 1894 and 1912 the Pocket Transit acquired the ability to pre-set magnetic declination by use of an adjustment screw on the side of the case.  By 1926 Brunton's design had fully matured with the addition of a bullseye level for improved leveling and the addition a percent grade scale to the clinometer.  From this point forward it was minor improvements in materials, manufacturing techniques and the added availability of different compass ring layouts (degrees, quadrants, mils, etc.)

A 1926 patent model of the Brunton  Pocket Transit.
Note the round level and the percent grade indices
at the bottom of the clinometer scale.  This is the basic
design still in production today.

One of the reasons Brunton's pocket transit was
so damned useful is that he made it a complete package.
Early in the production of the pocket transit Brunton started
engraving sine and tangent tables on the lid.  Using these
tables in conjunction with the clinometer an engineer could
quickly and accurately determine heights of objects like trees
or cliff faces.  To this day Brunton includes the sine and
tangent tables on the lids of all pocket transits.
So damned useful!

From the beginning David Brunton licensed the Colorado instrument maker William Ainsworth & Sons to produce the pocket transit.  After Brunton's death in 1927 Ainsworth purchased the manufacturing rights to Brunton's designs and continued manufacturing and improving the Pocket Transit through the late 1960s.  In 1972 the production rights and the Brunton name were purchased by the Brunton Company of Riverton, Wyoming.  The Brunton Company continues to manufacture this basic design.

The Brunton design was so well thought out that engineers and geologists quickly developed field techniques keyed to the Pocket Transit's unique layout and construction.  The best example is the determination of the strike and dip of rock formations.  Most sedimentary and metamorphic rock formations are not horizontal.  They were all deposited in horizontal layers but over geological time (i.e., millions of years) those horizontal layers have been warped and deformed by pressure and other geological forces.  One of the keys to understanding these forces is mapping the strike (the horizontal angle of deformity) and dip (the vertical angle of deformity) of individual rock layers.  Before the Brunton Pocket Transit the measurement of strike and dip was a clumsy process involving two separate devices - a field compass (often a fairly large and somewhat fragile device) and a clinometer.  With the Brunton the process is quick and simple - open the instrument and lay it horizontally against the rock formation.  Keeping the edge of the instrument in contact with the rock face rotate it up and down slightly until the circular level is centered.  Note the magnetic azimuth as indicated by the compass needle.  That is your strike.  Score a line on the rock face horizontal to the pocket transit using a piece of chalk or small piece of rock and remove the pocket transit.  Make another score mark that is perpendicular to the horizontal mark you just made (your mark should look like a 'T').  Place the Pocket Transit along this perpendicular mark and measure the angle of slope using the built in clinometer.  This is your dip.  It takes longer to describe than it does to do it in the field.  This is the standard measurement technique for strike and dip, and every college and university geology department in North America teaches it as part of their field geology curriculum.

From the University of Calgary website.  Measuring the strike
of a rock formation using a Brunton Pocket Transit.

From the University of Calgary website.  Measuring the dip of
a rock formation using the Brunton Pocket Transit.


My introduction to the Brunton Pocket Transit came in the mid-1970s while studying geology in college.  We learned strike and dip measurement techniques early on in the field methods class, and later during our summer field geology course we ranged across the southwestern United States, making thousands of strike and dip measurements in an effort to understand the geologic processes that formed the unique landscape of that region.  I saw the Pocket Transit as a useful but fairly limited device, suited only to the field geologist.  Years later while attending a course at the Defense Mapping School at Fort Belvior, Virginia, our class got an intensive block of instruction on the use of the Pocket Transit not just for strike and dip measurement but for height determination, precise azimuth determination, basic plane table survey work and rough site layout.  I finally saw the full potential of the Pocket Transit and purchased my first one soon after.  That Pocket Transit has seen service in Kuwait, Honduras, Panama, Germany, Bosnia, Korea and across the US.  It has been a constant companion on hundreds of field surveys, assisting with tasks like mapping out refugee camps on the Empire Range area of the Panama Canal Zone, measuring road grades along the Pan-American Highway in Honduras and fixing North Korean observation point locations along the Korean DMZ.

The Brunton Pocket Transit doesn't measure horizontal angles as well as a conventional transit, it doesn't measure vertical angles angles as well as a theodolite, sextant or even an Abney hand level.  If you need to shoot azimuths using handheld techniques the Army lensatic compass is a better tool.  However, the Pocket Transit does all of these tasks well enough, and puts everything needed into a compact, easy to carry package that really does fit into your pocket.  (In his patent application David Brunton noted that the instrument fits nicely into a vest pocket - therefore the name pocket transit).

Let's have a look at some Brunton Pocket Transit variations (click on the pictures for an enlarged view):

This is a modern incarnation of the Pocket Transit - a glass filled composite
body version.  This particular Pocket Transit is almost 20 years old
and has been used around the world, and it still looks new.

This is a particularly nice WWII era Pocket Transit manufactured in 1943.
This model is graduated in mils (6400 mils in a circle).  Designated the
M-2 Compass, it was designed for use by artillery troops who need a more
discreet subdivision of the circle for accurate artillery gun laying and spotting.
A variation of this model is still used by the US Army and USMC today.

An early induction dampened model graduated in degrees

A nice post-war model graduated in quadrants instead of degrees.
Most early Pocket Transits were sold with the quadrant setup rather than
degrees.  The use of quadrants was the accepted method of noting direction
within the engineering and geology community up through the 1970s.  Brunton
still sells a modern version of this layout, but it really is useless for general
navigation purposes.  If you want to do land navigation with a Pocket
Transit get the model laid out in degrees!

As you can tell, I think the Brunton Pocket Transit is a nifty little tool.  But it is not a novelty, not something to be put on a shelf to be admired.  The Pocket Transit is designed and built to be used.  It represents American ingenuity at its best.  From 1894 on the Pocket Transit ended up being used in all corners of the United States, doing useful, often rough duty helping to map American and her natural resources.  Rugged, reliable, useful.  American to the core!

Brian

In writing this blog post I relied heavily on several sources that I feel need to be acknowledged.

First is William Hudson's excellent website About Brunton Pocket Transits.  Mr. Hudson's site is the most complete compilation of information about Pocket Transits on the web, and should be the starting point for anyone interested in finding out more about these great little devices.  Thanks you Mr. Hudson.

Next is Dr. Peter H. von Bitter's article The Brunton Pocket Transit, A One Hundred Year Old North American Invention.  Originally written in 1995 for the journal of the History of the Earth Sciences Society to celebrate the 100 year anniversary of the invention of the Brunton Pocket Transit, von Bitter's article forms an excellent short history of the man David Brunton and his famous invention.  Thank you Dr. von Bitter.

Although not source, there is an scanned copy of a 1913 Ainsworth bulletin available on the the Surveying Antiques website.  This bulletin describes the various ways to hold and use the Pocket Transit and is an interesting overview of the instrument and its uses.


13 comments:

r said...

Hi: I have an old Brunton Pocket Transit with a table is sines, but no tangents. Any idea why?
RL Stinson
kb3kbc@gmail.com

Brian said...

R., I checked some of the pocket transits in my collection and it appears that most of the earlier Ainsworth produced models only had sine tables. Based on what I have available to me my guess is that the tangents only got included on the info plate when Brunton took over production, and probably when they switched to a photo-etched plate format that allowed them to place more data on the table. Hope this helps!

Brian

Anonymous said...

I have enjoyed reading your article about the Brunton. I would like to relocate the data you cite from William Hudson. I had found and bookmarked his Brunton web page in the 1990's and used it on occasion however, it is now gone. Poof! I am particularly interested in locating his wonderful data base about Brunton serial numbers - what years had what serial numbers and what features. It was awesome. I didn't print a copy and am hoping you or someone did and can share it. As a collector of these fine artifacts, a great deal of valuable information was lost when his site went away.

Brian said...

Unfortunately it looks like William Hudson's website about the history of the Pocket Transit were taken down over a year ago and there's no archive of the pages available. You are right that his site was a great resource for the Pocket Transit collector and his site is greatly missed.

Brian

Brian said...

Wait! A quick search of the internet archives reveals that at least the first page of William Hudson's pocket transit history website is available.
You can get to it from the link I provide in the blog post I published earlier this evening.

Jack Purson said...

Hi and THANK YOU for of finding that first page. It is a great start. I looked for Mr. Hudson and wonder if this obituary is for the same guy:

http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/mycentraljersey/obituary.aspx?n=william-j-hudson&pid=149814480

There is little info to guess he may be a Brunton expert but perhaps he was? Seems like he'd have left a fabulous collection too.

BTW, I am Jack Purson - geologist - and I will be giving a talk about the Brunton at the NM mineral symposium Nov. 9, 2013. I know several Brunton collectors and we are all interested in finding out details about manufacturing dates, progression of features, early makers, etc. Thank you for your interesting and useful web site. Any chance the links in Mr. Hudsons website might be resurrected with further probing?

Brian said...

Jack, unfortunately I didn't find any of Mr. Hudson's sub-pages as part of the archive, so my guess is that they did not get archived before the site was taken down. If you come up with any new information from the symposium I'd love to hear about it!

Brian

Anonymous said...

Does the current Brunton Co. have a list of serial numbers and dates of mfg.? I have my dad's (Allan James) old Brunton (one of them, my brother has the other) that he used when he was a mining engineer in Costa Rica during '42-'44. It's s/n 25255 and I'd love to know when it was made.

Now, allow me to tell a story: One day when he was working a survey with his Brunton (either mine or my brothers...not sure which) in CR he stumbled and dropped the Brunton. It bounced on the ground and sailed over a small cliff. The compass survived the fall but the glass broke and the needle was lost. I'm sure he had a few choice words... Dad knew he could never get a replacement to Costa Rica in the middle of WWII so he marked off the area where the compass fell with stakes and string into 1 x 1-foot squares and searched every square inch of the area on his hands and knees until he found the needle. then he found some glass and repaired the face.

Dad died in 1984 but he cherished his Bruntons.

Chris James
Sandia Park, NM

Brian said...

Chris, what a great story! Thanks for sharing.

Unfortunately I don't have the serial number break-down that used to be hosted on William Hudson's web pages, but those have been off-line now for some time.

My recommendation is to call Brunton in Wyoming and see if they can track down the year of manufacture. As I understand it they inherited all of the Ainsworth files (and it would be Ainsworth who made your fathers compasses) when Brunton took over manufacturing. Good luck, and please check back to let us know if you were successful!

Brian

Unknown said...

I think I may have found the serial number page using the wayback machine that archives the web. Maybe someone would care to re-post on a new blog/site.

http://web.archive.org/web/20081120033555/http://brunton.williamjhudson.net/serial_numbers.html

Brian said...

Robert, thanks! It's great to have this resource back. I'm going to see if I can generate a PDF of the page and archive it on my site and make it available in a future post.

Brian

John said...

Hi.
I have an early Ainsworth Brunton
Serial #75XX. Good condition overall, but missing its mirror and mirror retaining ring.
The mirror is an eighth inch or so larger in diameter than current production transits use.
Any idea where a proper mirror might be sourced??
Brunton customer service was'nt able to help.
Thanks, and Best Regards, J.

Brian said...

John, the only advice I can offer is to look for a 'trashed' Ainsworth of the same approximate age to use as a donor transit. You may also try contacting an instrument repair company like Mohave Instrument Company (www.mohaveinstrument.com) to see if they handle the repair. Good luck! Also please hop over to my new blog site (where all of this transit material has migrated) at www.oldtopographer.net. Thanks!